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Question Summary:
What is the ruling on the food of the Ahl ul-Kitab?

Question Detail:

My question is regarding kosher food.Living here in the USA people have the tendency of always saying that kosher food is ahla kitab food and it is permissible to eat .Some say its makerooh and some say its haram.Can you please elaborate on this masala and explain thoroughly. 

Answer :

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh.
It is true that the zabihah (slaughtered animal) of the Ahl ul-Kitab (Christians and Jews) is halal[1] as mentioned in the Quran. Allah Ta’āla says:
وَطَعَامُ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حِلٌّ لَكُمْ...(سورة المائدة، ٥)
And the food of the people of the Book is lawful for you [Surah Maidah, 5]
It is important to note that the Ahl ul-Kitab referred to must be Christians and Jews adhering to their beliefs[2] and not just Christians and Jews by name.[3] It is not sufficient for one to just be called a Jew or a Christian in order to be considered amongst the people of the book.
It is also important to note that animals slaughtered by the Ahl ul-Kitab being halal[4] is not general but is subject to the following conditions[5] as the animals slaughtered by Muslims:
(1) Taking the name of Allah upon slaughtering the animal[6]
(2) At least three of the four vessels being severed[7]
Majority of present day Christians are known to either have no dietary laws at all in regards to animal slaughtering[8], or their dietary laws state that it is necessary to say the name of "the Father, the son, and the Holy Ghost" whilst slaughtering the animal.[9] Furthermore, they employ non-Christians to carry out the slaughter resulting in the slaughter of an animal by a non-Ahl ul-Kitab.
The slaughtering method of Jews does not meet the requirements of Sharī'ah. For instance, during a shechita (ritual slaughtering of the Jews), the shochet (Jewish ritual slaughterer) recites the blessing of God only on the first animal holding it to suffice for all animals slaughtered afterwards.[10] This method renders all animals aside from the first animal haram.[11] Furthermore, due to the different ethnic cultures and branches within Juadism[12], different kosher certifying authorities adopt different rules to certify what is considered to be kosher.[13]
Alhhamdulillah, Muslims residing in the West have made lots of efforts to establish halal zabīhah and slaughter animals according to Sharī'ah laws of Zabīhah. Therefore, halal meat is easily available. 
And Allah Ta’āla Knows Best
Bilal Mohammad
Student Darul Iftaa
USA
Checked and Approved by,
Mufti Ebrahim Desai.


[1]Imdadul Fatawa, vol. 3, pg. 544, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi;

Jawahirul Fiqh, pg. 396, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi;

Legal Rulings on Slaughtered Animals by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Uthmani, pg. 47, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi

[2] Fatawaa Mahmudiyyah, vol. 17, pg. 231-232, Darul Iftaa Jami'ah Faruqiyyah;

Jawahirul Fiqh, pg. 399, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi

[3] Legal Rulings on Slaughtered Animals by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Uthmani, pg. 56, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi؛

Ibid, pg. 64;

Ibid, pg. 69;

Imdadul Fatawa, vol. 3, pg. 545, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi;

Imdadul Ahkam, vol. 4, pg. 202, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi;

Jawahirul Fiqh, pg. 399-400, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi;

Fatawaa Mahmudiyyah, vol. 17, pg. 231-232, Darul Iftaa Jami'ah Faruqiyyah

[4] قلت: أرأيت الصبي و المرأة و اليهودي و النصراني أهم في الصيد بمنزلة الرجل المسلم، يحل من صيدهم ما يحل من صيده و يحرم من صيدهم ما يحرم من صيده؟ قال: نعم. (الأصل للإمام محمد الشيباني، ج ٥، ص ٤٠٢، دار ابن حزم)

[5] Legal Rulings on Slaughtered Animals by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Uthmani, pg. 49, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi

[6] أرأيت اليهودي و النصراني و المرأة و الصبي إذا تركوا التسمية ناسين هل تؤكل ذبيحتهم؟ قال: نعم، لا بأس بها. قلت: و لم؟ قال: لأن خرسته لا تحرم ذبيحته، و لأن ملته تحل الذبيحة. ألا تري أن الرجل إذآ ذبح فنسي أن يسمي أكلت ذبيحته.(الأصل للإمام محمد الشيباني، ج ٥، ص ٤٠٢، دار ابن حزم)؛

جواهر الفقه، ص ٤٠٧، مكتبة دار العلوم كراتشي

[7] Legal Rulings on Slaughtered Animals by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Uthmani, pg. 20, Maktabah Darul-'Uloom Karachi;

وَالذَّبْحُ هُوَ فَرْيُ الْأَوْدَاجِ وَمَحَلُّهُ مَا بَيْنَ اللَّبَّةِ وَاللَّحْيَيْنِ؛ لِقَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ - عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ - «الذَّكَاةُ مَا بَيْنَ اللَّبَّةِ وَاللِّحْيَةِ» أَيْ مَحَلُّ الذَّكَاةِ مَا بَيْنَ اللَّبَّةِ وَاللَّحْيَيْنِ وَرُوِيَ الذَّكَاةُ فِي الْحَلْقِ وَاللَّبَّةِ وَالنَّحْرُ فَرْيُ الْأَوْدَاجِ وَمَحَلُّهُ آخِرُ الْحَلْقِ، وَلَوْ نُحِرَ مَا يُذْبَحُ وَذُبِحَ مَا يُنْحَرُ يَحِلُّ لِوُجُودِ فَرْيِ الْأَوْدَاجِ وَلَكِنَّهُ يُكْرَهُ؛ لِأَنَّ السُّنَّةَ فِي الْإِبِلِ النَّحْرُ وَفِي غَيْرِهَا الذَّبْحُ... وَلِأَنَّ الْمَقْصُودَ إخْرَاجُ الدَّمِ الْمَسْفُوحِ وَتَطْيِيبُ اللَّحْمِ، وَذَلِكَ يَحْصُلُ بِقَطْعِ الْأَوْدَاجِ فِي الْحَلْقِ كُلِّهِ. ثُمَّ الْأَوْدَاجُ أَرْبَعَةٌ: الْحُلْقُومُ، وَالْمَرِيءُ، وَالْعِرْقَانِ اللَّذَانِ بَيْنَهُمَا الْحُلْقُومُ وَالْمَرِيءُ، فَإِذَا فَرَى ذَلِكَ كُلَّهُ فَقَدْ أَتَى بِالذَّكَاةِ بِكَمَالِهَا وَسُنَنِهَا وَإِنْ فَرَى الْبَعْضَ دُونَ الْبَعْضِ فَعِنْدَ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - إذَا قَطَعَ أَكْثَرَ الْأَوْدَاجِ وَهُوَ ثَلَاثَةٌ مِنْهَا أَيُّ ثَلَاثَةٍ كَانَتْ وَتَرَكَ وَاحِدًا يَحِلُّ، وَقَالَ أَبُو يُوسُفَ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ -: لَا يَحِلُّ حَتَّى يُقْطَعَ الْحُلْقُومُ وَالْمَرِيءُ وَأَحَدُ الْعِرْقَيْنِ، وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ -: لَا يَحِلُّ حَتَّى يُقْطَعَ مِنْ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْ الْأَرْبَعَةِ أَكْثَرُهُ (بدائع الصنائع في ترتيب الشرائع، ج ٥، ص ٤١، دار الكتب العلمية)؛

 

(وَذَبِيحَةُ الْمُسْلِمِ وَالْكِتَابِيِّ حَلَالٌ إلَخْ) ذَبِيحَةُ الْمُسْلِمِ وَالْكِتَابِيِّ ذِمِّيًّا كَانَ أَوْ حَرْبِيًّا حَلَالٌ إذَا أَتَى بِهِ مَذْبُوحًا... (وَيَحِلُّ إذَا كَانَ الذَّابِحُ يَعْقِلُ التَّسْمِيَةَ) قِيلَ يَعْنِي يَعْقِلُ لَفْظَ التَّسْمِيَةِ، وَقِيلَ يَعْقِلُ أَنَّ حِلَّ الذَّبِيحَةِ بِالتَّسْمِيَةِ (وَالذَّبِيحَةُ) يَعْنِي يَقْدِرُ عَلَى الذَّبْحِ وَيَضْبِطُهُ: أَيْ يَعْلَمُ شَرَائِطَ الذَّبْحِ مِنْ فَرْيِ الْأَوْدَاجِ وَالْحُلْقُومِ... (وَالْعُرُوقُ الَّتِي تُقْطَعُ فِي الذَّكَاةِ إلَخْ) الْعُرُوقُ الَّتِي تُقْطَعُ فِي الذَّكَاةِ أَرْبَعَةٌ: الْحُلْقُومُ وَالْمَرِيءُ، وَالْوَدَجَانِ وَاخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاءُ - رَحِمَهُمُ اللَّهُ - فِي اشْتِرَاطِ مَا يُقْطَعُ مِنْهَا لِلْحِلِّ... وَأَمَّا أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ فَقَدْ اكْتَفَى بِقَطْعِ الثَّلَاثِ أَيُّهَا كَانَتْ... وَاحْتَجَّ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ - بِأَنَّ الْأَكْثَرَ يَقُومُ مَقَامَ الْكُلِّ فِي كَثِيرٍ مِنْ الْأَحْكَامِ (العناية شرح الهداية، ج ٩، ص ٤٨٧، دار الفكر)؛

(وَحَلَّ) الْمَذْبُوحُ (بِقَطْعِ أَيِّ ثَلَاثٍ مِنْهَا) إذْ لِلْأَكْثَرِ حُكْمُ الْكُلِّ (رد المحتار علي الدر المختار، ج ٦، ص ٢٩٤، دار الفكر)

[8] http://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/2836/does-christianity-have-any-dietary-guidelines;

Regenstein, Joe Mac (Professor in the Department of Food Science, Cornell University). "The Kosher and Halal Food Laws" Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, pg. 12

[9] http://www.everyculture.com/Cr-Ga/Ethiopia.html

[10] Rabbi Simcha Backman (private communication, September 23, 2013);

Arlene Mathes-Scharf (private communication, September 25, 2013);

Regenstein, Joe Mac (Professor in the Department of Food Science, Cornell University). "The Kosher and Halal Food Laws" Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, pg. 12

[11] قلت: أرأيت الرجل يذبح الشاتين أو الثلاث فيسمي علي الأولي منها و يدع التسمية علي غير ذلك عمدا تجزيه تسمية الأولي؟ قال: لا، و يأكل الشاة التي سمي عليها، و لا يأكل ما سوي ذالك مما ترك التسمية عليه عمدا (الأصل للإمام محمد الشيباني، ج ٥، ص ٣٩٨، دار ابن حزم)

[12] Regenstein, Joe Mac (Professor in the Department of Food Science, Cornell University). "The Kosher and Halal Food Laws" Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, pg. 12

[13] http://kosherfood.about.com/od/whatiskosherfood/f/kosherfood.htm

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