Question Summary:
Rules of Taqiyya in the Hanafi Aqeedah Question Detail:
Please explain what is taqiyya and the rules of taqiyya in Hanafi Aqeedah when is it permitted?
Answer :
In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh.
Taqiyyah According to Ahl Al Sunnah Wa Al Jamā‘ah[1]
Linguistic Meaning of Taqiyyah
Taqiyyah is the act of protecting one’s self from danger.[2]
Technical Meaning of Taqiyyah
To protect one’s self by displaying an action[3],[4] or speech contrary to one’s belief.[5]
Legality of Taqiyyah[6]
Taqiyyah in normal circumstances is impermissible according to the majority of ‘Ulamā’. It is only permissible in times of dire need. Al Imām Al Qurtubī said, “Taqiyyah is not permissible except if one fears death, or being cut up (into pieces), or great harm.”[7] Allāh Ta‘ālā says,
لَا يَتَّخِذِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَمَنْ يَفْعَلْ ذَلِكَ فَلَيْسَ مِنَ اللَّهِ فِي شَيْءٍ إِلَّا أَنْ تَتَّقُوا مِنْهُمْ تُقَاةً (آل عمران:٢٨)
The believers should not take disbelievers as confidants in place of other believers. And whosoever does that he has no relation with Allāh except if you do so as a protective measure…(Āl ‘Imrān:28)
This verse is proof for the permissibility of taqiyyah.
When the polytheists of Makkah tortured ‘Ammaār bin Yāsir Radiallāhu ‘Anhu and forced him to utter words of disbelief, Allāh Ta‘ālā revealed the following verse[8]:
مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْإِيمَانِ وَلَكِنْ مَنْ شَرَحَ بِالْكُفْرِ صَدْرًا فَعَلَيْهِمْ غَضَبٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ (النحل:١٠٦)
Whoever disbelieves in Allāh after having faith-not the one who is compelled under duress whilst his heart remains content with belief but the one who is at ease with disbelief- upon them is the wrath of Allāh and for them is a great torment. (Al Naĥl: 106)
The Position of Taqiyyah
When grounds for taqiyyah are found, some consider it to be wājib (necessary). However, the correct opinion according to the ‘Ulamā is that it is best not to opt for taqiyyah and to proclaim one’s belief.[9] Al ‘Allāmah Al Qurtubī substantiates this opinion with the following proofs[10]:
Allāh Ta‘ālā informs this Ummah of the hardships the Aŝhāb Al Ukhdūd endured for the sake of tawhīd (oneness of Allāh). Furthermore, Nabī Ŝallallāhu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam mentioned the narrative to spur the Ŝaĥābah to be steadfast in the face of hardships.
Allāĥ Ta‘ālā mentions the advice Luqmān ‘Alaihis Salām gave to his son:
يَا بُنَيَّ أَقِمِ الصَّلَاةَ وَأْمُرْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَانْهَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَاصْبِرْ عَلَى مَا أَصَابَكَ إِنَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ عَزْمِ الْأُمُورِ (اللقمان: ١٧)
O my son! Establish ŝalāh, enjoin good, forbid evil, and endure patiently what befalls you. Surely this is among the matters of determination.
Nabī Ŝallallāu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam said, “One of the greatest forms of Jihād is a statement of truth in the face of a tyrant ruler.”[11]
Nabī Ŝallallāhu ‘Alaihi Wa Sallam advised Abū Al Dardā’ Radiallāhu ‘Anhu, “Do not ascribe partners unto Allāh even though you may be cut up (into pieces) and burnt.”[12]
Many Ŝaĥābah were tortured and they did not waiver: Bilāl, ‘Āŝim, Khubaib, Khabbāb, etc. Radiallāhu ‘Anhum
Conditions/Laws Pertaining Taqiyyah
Taqiyyah is only done when a person is amongst non-believers and he fears for his life or wealth. He may even utter words which show love/close friendship as long as his heart is clean of such beliefs.[13]
Taqiyyah is not permissible through actions which cause harm to others eg. killing, fornication, stealing, false testimony, circulate the secrets of the Muslims (usually at the time of war), etc.[14]
Taqiyyah is also permissible if one is threatened to be beaten (severely).[15]
Taqiyyah is only permissible if one actually fears some danger. If no danger is expected taqiyyah is impermissible.[16]
Taqiyyah should be used as a last resort.[17]
Taqiyyah is not permissible for gain of wealth, position, etc. (except in critical circumstances).[18]
Difference between Taqiyyah of Ahl Al Sunnah Wa Al Jamā‘ah and Shī‘ah[19]
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